John Goodricke was born at Groningen, in the Netherlands, on the 17th September 1764. His father (Henry Goodricke) was a British diplomat, his mother (nee Levina Benjamina Sessler) was the daughter of a Dutch merchant.
John was deaf from infancy: at the age of 8 he was sent to Thomas Braidwood’s Academy at Dumbiedykes, Edinburgh, a school specialising in teaching deaf or deaf-mute children. In 1778 Goodricke became a pupil at Warrington Academy, where school records noted that he had become ‘an excellent mathematician’.
He rejoined his family who had moved to York: John’s great-uncle the Rev. Henry Goodricke held office at York and was tenant of part of the Treasurer’s House. By late 1781 John was involved with Edward Pigott in making astronomical observations. The two astronomers were soon concentrating their research on the variable stars, particularly Algol [Beta Persei].
Goodricke’s first published paper was ‘A Series of Observations on, and a Discovery of, the Period of the Variation of the Light of the bright Star in the Head of Medusa, called Algol’; this was read at the Royal Society on May 15th 1783. He published a supplement to these observations ‘On the Period of the Changes of Light in the Star Algol’ in April 1784, ‘Observations of a new Variable Star’ [Beta Lyrae] in January 1785, and observations on the variability in Delta Cephei in June 1785. For his work on Algol he was awarded the Royal Society’s annual Godfrey Copley Medal in 1783; he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April 1786, but died on April 20th 1786, aged 21. According to Turner he ‘fell a victim to his favourite study […] in consequence of a cold from exposure to night air in astronomical observations.’
The two families stayed in contact after Goodricke’s death: Goodricke’s astronomical papers were sent to Edward Pigott in 1791, Charles Grey Fairfax (Edward Pigott’s younger brother who had assumed the name Fairfax on inheriting Gilling Castle) married Goodricke’s sister in 1794, and Levina Goodricke (John’s mother) was executrix of Nathaniel Pigott’s will.
The cause and date of John’s deafness is uncertain. Most sources suggest that he became deaf after a fever in childhood. John Ford, in notes published in the Yorkshire Philosophical Society’s Report for 1868, says ‘At five years old he had scarlet fever ending in total deafness’; unfortunately, he did not give his source of information.
There is disagreement over the room where John Goodricke made his observations. Melmore’s article concludes that the room was on the top floor of the south-east wing of the Treasurer’s House. Forrester disagrees; in his MS. (chapter 8, pp. 17-19) he gives reasons for believing Goodricke’s room to have been in the central range of the building, demolished by Frank Green to create the Great Hall of the Treasurer’s House as it is today.